Yes, that is called a pacman hook. As you expect, it is easy enough to add. You’re welcome to discuss your pull request to the arch maintainer.

Because it adds something that is not essential, so it is not “simple”. If package A depends on package B with an incompatible license then it needs to provide a means to specify alternate packages. Arch follows upstream with best effort possible, so changing dependency could be seen as breaking that. However, pacman already supports choosing alternate packages during installation so technically they could add it, but how many percentage of users are needing that convenience? Not to mention the arch team will need to maintain said list of alternatives for every dependencies. If you want, you can add it yourself via pacman hook to prevent you from accidentally installing non free software, or write a wrapper for pacman, or use other distro like Parabola.

Well, because Arch tries to be simple and pragmatic. The way the official repo is organized speaks volumes about its philosophy. Just read their FAQs

My bad, not FAQs, but their explanation page

Arch does not have official FOSS only repo. And IIRC, that is by design